當代美國穆斯林族群社會進程探析
四、結語
從最初的「伊斯蘭民族」到今天蓬勃發展的組織團體，美國穆斯林社會的總體發展模式經歷著由自我封閉到融入主流社會的轉型，而20世紀八九十年代創立的一些重要政治組織成為其中最前沿的推動者。如前所述，美國穆斯林族群在發展理念上一直存在著不同的思想傾向，而這在很大程度上歸因於其內部文化差異。長期以來，美國穆斯林在種族構成上存在顯著的多元化特徵，據美國著名的皮尤研究中心最近的一項全國範圍內的調查, 該族群中約三分之二為外來移民，其中24％為阿拉伯裔，18％來自南亞，另外約23％來自伊朗、歐洲、非洲等國家和地區，而在約三分之一的本土穆斯林中，大多數為非裔美國人，約占60％。[21] 由於不同種族群體在文化背景及社會經濟生活狀況上存在一定差異，使得他們在如何定位族群與美國主流社會的關係這一問題上具有不同看法，而這種差異同時也造成族群相對缺乏整體凝聚力，這集中體現於族群內部對政治參與的態度分歧。「9·11」事件對美國穆斯林而言無疑具有雙刃劍效應，它在危機時刻增強了族群的政治凝聚力，使其充分意識到整體政治參與的必要性，同時也強化了集體意識，促其真正超越內部種族差異，以「美國人」與「穆斯林」的雙重文化屬性為共同根基，構建整體形象，從而提升了族群在美國主流社會的地位。
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A Study of the Social Development of American Muslims
LIN Ling
Abstract After “9.11” terrorist attack, the view of “the clash of civilizations” that emphasizes the clash between Islam and Christianity representing the western civilization is gaining popularity. With this, the living conditions and development of American Muslims has drawn public concern of the American society and has become a focal point of study in the western academia. This article aims to explore the historical development of American Muslims by focusing on their struggle for the civil and political rights since the 20th Century and further discusses the challenges and opportunities they’ve been faced with since the “9.11” incident.
Key Words American Muslims; Social Development; Political Organization
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